Racial/ethnic differences in the association between transgender-related U.S. state policies and self-rated health of transgender women
© 2024. The Author(s)..
BACKGROUND: Policy protections for transgender adults in the United States are consistently associated with positive health outcomes. However, studies over-represent non-Latinx White transgender people and obscure variation in policies' intended goals. This study examined racial differences in the relationship between transgender-related policies and transgender women's self-rated health. Guided by Critical Race Theory, we hypothesized that policies conferring access to resources (e.g., healthcare) would be associated with better self-rated health among all participants while policies signifying equality (e.g., nondiscrimination laws) would be associated with better self-rated health only for White participants.
METHODS: Using cross-sectional data collected between March 2018-December 2020 from 1566 transgender women, we analyzed 7 state-level 'access policies,' 5 'equality policies,' and sum indices of each. Participants represented 29 states, and 54.7% were categorized as people of color. We fit a series of multilevel ordinal regression models predicting self-rated health by each policy. Multivariate models were adjusted for relevant covariates at the individual- and state-level. We then tested moderation by race/ethnicity using interaction terms and generated stratified predicted probability plots.
RESULTS: In bivariate models, 4 access policies, 2 equality policies, and both indices were associated with better self-rated health, but associations did not persist in adjusted models. Results from the multivariable models including interaction terms indicated that policies concerning private insurance coverage of gender-affirming care, private insurance nondiscrimination, credit nondiscrimination, and both indices were statistically significantly associated with better self-rated health for White participants and worse self-rated health for participants of color.
CONCLUSIONS: The policies included in this analysis do not mitigate racism's effects on access to resources, indicating they may be less impactful for transgender women of color than White transgender women. Future research and policy advocacy efforts promoting transgender women's health must center racial equity as well as transgender people of color's priorities.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2024 |
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| Erschienen: |
2024 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:24 |
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| Enthalten in: |
BMC public health - 24(2024), 1 vom: 28. März, Seite 911 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
King, Wesley M [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
Journal Article |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 29.03.2024 Date Revised 31.03.2024 published: Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1186/s12889-024-18317-z |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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NLM370286561 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Racial/ethnic differences in the association between transgender-related U.S. state policies and self-rated health of transgender women |
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| 520 | |a © 2024. The Author(s). | ||
| 520 | |a BACKGROUND: Policy protections for transgender adults in the United States are consistently associated with positive health outcomes. However, studies over-represent non-Latinx White transgender people and obscure variation in policies' intended goals. This study examined racial differences in the relationship between transgender-related policies and transgender women's self-rated health. Guided by Critical Race Theory, we hypothesized that policies conferring access to resources (e.g., healthcare) would be associated with better self-rated health among all participants while policies signifying equality (e.g., nondiscrimination laws) would be associated with better self-rated health only for White participants | ||
| 520 | |a METHODS: Using cross-sectional data collected between March 2018-December 2020 from 1566 transgender women, we analyzed 7 state-level 'access policies,' 5 'equality policies,' and sum indices of each. Participants represented 29 states, and 54.7% were categorized as people of color. We fit a series of multilevel ordinal regression models predicting self-rated health by each policy. Multivariate models were adjusted for relevant covariates at the individual- and state-level. We then tested moderation by race/ethnicity using interaction terms and generated stratified predicted probability plots | ||
| 520 | |a RESULTS: In bivariate models, 4 access policies, 2 equality policies, and both indices were associated with better self-rated health, but associations did not persist in adjusted models. Results from the multivariable models including interaction terms indicated that policies concerning private insurance coverage of gender-affirming care, private insurance nondiscrimination, credit nondiscrimination, and both indices were statistically significantly associated with better self-rated health for White participants and worse self-rated health for participants of color | ||
| 520 | |a CONCLUSIONS: The policies included in this analysis do not mitigate racism's effects on access to resources, indicating they may be less impactful for transgender women of color than White transgender women. Future research and policy advocacy efforts promoting transgender women's health must center racial equity as well as transgender people of color's priorities | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Self-rated health | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transgender | |
| 650 | 4 | |a U.S. state policies | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gamarel, Kristi E |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fleischer, Nancy L |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Radix, Asa E |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Poteat, Tonia C |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chatters, Linda M |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Operario, Don |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Reisner, Sari L |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wirtz, Andrea L |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a American Cohort to Study HIV Acquisition Among Transgender Women (LITE) Study Group |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Althoff, Keri N |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Beyrer, Chris |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Case, James |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cooney, Erin |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stevenson, Meg |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Adams, Dee |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Laeyendecker, Oliver B |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gaydos, Charlotte |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mayer, Kenneth |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cannon, Christopher |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schneider, Jason |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Haw, J Sonya |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rodriguez, Allan |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wawrzyniak, Andrew J |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Meeks, Sherri |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Shackelford, Sydney |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Toussaint, Nala |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wanzer, SaVanna |e investigator |4 oth | |
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