Firm-Level and Public-Sector Costs Make Small-Scale Maize Flour Fortification Challenging in Uganda
BACKGROUND: Maize flour in Uganda is milled by hundreds of enterprises, mostly small- (5-20 metric tons [MT]/day) and micro-scale (<5 MT/day) mills or firms. A mandatory maize flour fortification program exists for medium-scale mills (>20 MT/day) and policymakers are considering including smaller-scale millers.
OBJECTIVE: We estimated the private and public costs of maize flour fortification at different scales and explored their implications for extending the mandatory fortification to include smaller-scale mills.
METHODS: We used secondary data on the structure of the maize flour market and primary data on milling and fortification costs to estimate mill and regulatory costs at 3 scales of flour production: micro, small, and medium.
RESULTS: For micro-, small-, and medium-size operations, respectively, operational costs of fortification were US$13, US$9, and US$7 per metric ton (MT) of maize flour, which represented 20%, 16%, and 16% of annual operating costs, and the ratio of fortification equipment cost to mill equipment costs was higher for micro-scale mills (2.7) than for small- (0.38) and medium-scale (0.54) maize mills. Governmental regulatory costs rise if smaller-scale mills are included due to the increased number of facility inspections.
CONCLUSIONS: Fortification and regulatory costs increase as production scale decreases. Up-front capital costs of fortification would be daunting for micro- and small-scale mills. Medium-scale mills, which supply social protection programs, might be able to manage fortification costs and other challenges. Decision-makers should consider all costs and cost burdens, and the realities of enforcement capabilities before expanding fortification programs to include smaller-scale operations.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2024 |
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| Erschienen: |
2024 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:45 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Food and nutrition bulletin - 45(2024), 1 vom: 08. März, Seite 12-23 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Vosti, Stephen [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
Costs |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 25.04.2024 Date Revised 25.04.2024 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1177/03795721231223052 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM367045907 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Firm-Level and Public-Sector Costs Make Small-Scale Maize Flour Fortification Challenging in Uganda |
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| 500 | |a Date Revised 25.04.2024 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print-Electronic | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a BACKGROUND: Maize flour in Uganda is milled by hundreds of enterprises, mostly small- (5-20 metric tons [MT]/day) and micro-scale (<5 MT/day) mills or firms. A mandatory maize flour fortification program exists for medium-scale mills (>20 MT/day) and policymakers are considering including smaller-scale millers | ||
| 520 | |a OBJECTIVE: We estimated the private and public costs of maize flour fortification at different scales and explored their implications for extending the mandatory fortification to include smaller-scale mills | ||
| 520 | |a METHODS: We used secondary data on the structure of the maize flour market and primary data on milling and fortification costs to estimate mill and regulatory costs at 3 scales of flour production: micro, small, and medium | ||
| 520 | |a RESULTS: For micro-, small-, and medium-size operations, respectively, operational costs of fortification were US$13, US$9, and US$7 per metric ton (MT) of maize flour, which represented 20%, 16%, and 16% of annual operating costs, and the ratio of fortification equipment cost to mill equipment costs was higher for micro-scale mills (2.7) than for small- (0.38) and medium-scale (0.54) maize mills. Governmental regulatory costs rise if smaller-scale mills are included due to the increased number of facility inspections | ||
| 520 | |a CONCLUSIONS: Fortification and regulatory costs increase as production scale decreases. Up-front capital costs of fortification would be daunting for micro- and small-scale mills. Medium-scale mills, which supply social protection programs, might be able to manage fortification costs and other challenges. Decision-makers should consider all costs and cost burdens, and the realities of enforcement capabilities before expanding fortification programs to include smaller-scale operations | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Uganda | |
| 650 | 4 | |a costs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a maize flour | |
| 650 | 4 | |a micronutrients | |
| 650 | 4 | |a private and public sector | |
| 650 | 4 | |a small-scale food fortification | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Baker, Emily |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moorthy, Denish |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mazinga, Mike |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dary, Omar |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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