Effect of national immunisation campaigns with oral polio vaccine on all-cause mortality in children in rural northern Ghana : 20 years of demographic surveillance cohort data
© 2023 The Authors..
Background: Studies from Guinea-Bissau and Bangladesh have shown that campaigns with oral polio vaccine (C-OPV) may be associated with 25-31% lower child mortality. Between 1996 and 2015, Ghana had 50 national C-OPVs and numerous campaigns with vitamin A supplementation (VAS), and measles vaccine (MV). We investigated whether C-OPVs had beneficial non-specific effects (NSEs) on child survival in northern Ghana.
Methods: We used data from a health and demographic surveillance system in the Navrongo Health Research Centre in rural northern Ghana to examine mortality from day 1-5 years of age. We used Cox models with age as underlying time scale to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for the time-varying covariate "after-campaign" mortality versus "before-campaign" mortality, adjusted for temporal change in mortality, other campaign interventions and stratified for season at risk.
Findings: From 1996 to 2015, 75,610 children were followed for 280,156 person-years between day 1 and 5 years of age. In initial analysis, assuming a common effect across all ages, we did not find that OPV-only campaigns significantly reduced all-cause mortality, the HR being 0.96 (95% CI: 0.88-1.05). However, we subsequently found the HR differed strongly by age group, being 0.92 (0.75-1.13), 1.29 (1.10-1.51), 0.79 (0.66-0.94), 0.67 (0.53-0.86) and 1.03 (0.78-1.36) respectively for children aged 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11 and above 12 months of age (p < 0.001). Triangulation of the evidence from this and previous studies suggested that increased frequency of C-OPVs and a different historical period could explain these results.
Interpretation: In Ghana, C-OPVs had limited effects on overall child survival. However, triangulating the evidence suggested that NSEs of C-OPVs depend on age of first exposure and routine vaccination programs. C-OPVs had beneficial effects for children that were not exposed before 6 months of age. These non-specific effects of OPV should be exploited to further reduce child mortality.
Funding: DANIDA; Else og Mogens Wedell Wedellsborgs Fond.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2023 |
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| Erschienen: |
2023 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:66 |
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| Enthalten in: |
EClinicalMedicine - 66(2023) vom: 01. Dez., Seite 102322 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Welaga, Paul [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
Child mortality |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Revised 25.12.2023 published: Electronic-eCollection Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102322 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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NLM366344684 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Welaga, Paul |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 500 | |a Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a © 2023 The Authors. | ||
| 520 | |a Background: Studies from Guinea-Bissau and Bangladesh have shown that campaigns with oral polio vaccine (C-OPV) may be associated with 25-31% lower child mortality. Between 1996 and 2015, Ghana had 50 national C-OPVs and numerous campaigns with vitamin A supplementation (VAS), and measles vaccine (MV). We investigated whether C-OPVs had beneficial non-specific effects (NSEs) on child survival in northern Ghana | ||
| 520 | |a Methods: We used data from a health and demographic surveillance system in the Navrongo Health Research Centre in rural northern Ghana to examine mortality from day 1-5 years of age. We used Cox models with age as underlying time scale to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for the time-varying covariate "after-campaign" mortality versus "before-campaign" mortality, adjusted for temporal change in mortality, other campaign interventions and stratified for season at risk | ||
| 520 | |a Findings: From 1996 to 2015, 75,610 children were followed for 280,156 person-years between day 1 and 5 years of age. In initial analysis, assuming a common effect across all ages, we did not find that OPV-only campaigns significantly reduced all-cause mortality, the HR being 0.96 (95% CI: 0.88-1.05). However, we subsequently found the HR differed strongly by age group, being 0.92 (0.75-1.13), 1.29 (1.10-1.51), 0.79 (0.66-0.94), 0.67 (0.53-0.86) and 1.03 (0.78-1.36) respectively for children aged 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11 and above 12 months of age (p < 0.001). Triangulation of the evidence from this and previous studies suggested that increased frequency of C-OPVs and a different historical period could explain these results | ||
| 520 | |a Interpretation: In Ghana, C-OPVs had limited effects on overall child survival. However, triangulating the evidence suggested that NSEs of C-OPVs depend on age of first exposure and routine vaccination programs. C-OPVs had beneficial effects for children that were not exposed before 6 months of age. These non-specific effects of OPV should be exploited to further reduce child mortality | ||
| 520 | |a Funding: DANIDA; Else og Mogens Wedell Wedellsborgs Fond | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Child mortality | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Non-specific effects of vaccines | |
| 650 | 4 | |a OPV | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oral polio vaccine campaigns | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Triangulation | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mutua, Martin Kavao |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ahmed Hanifi, Syed Manzoor |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ansah, Patrick |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Aaby, Peter |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nielsen, Sebastian |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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