Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis (SIDA) to Determine Metabolites of Furan and 2-Methylfuran in Human Urine Samples : A Pilot Study
Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) are food contaminants that are classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans. The main source of exposure for adults via food is coffee consumption. Furan and 2-MF are volatile, which complicates exposure assessment because their content measured in food prior to consumption does not afford a reliable dosimetry. Therefore, other ways of exposure assessment need to be developed, preferably by monitoring exposure biomarkers, e.g., selected metabolites excreted in urine. In this study, cis-2-buten-1,4-dial (BDA)-derived urinary furan metabolites Lys-BDA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid), AcLys-BDA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid) and GSH-BDA (N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-cysteinyl-glycine cyclic sulfide), as well as acetyl acrolein (AcA, 2-oxo-pent-2-enal)-derived metabolites Lys-AcA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and AcLys-AcA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and their stable isotopically labeled analogs, were synthesized and characterized through NMR and MS, and a stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was established. As a proof of concept, urinary samples of a four-day human intervention study were used. In the frame of this study, ten subjects ingested 500 mL of coffee containing 0.648 µmol furan and 1.059 µmol 2-MF. Among the furan metabolites, AcLys-BDA was the most abundant, followed by Lys-BDA and GSH-BDA. Exposure to 2-MF via the coffee brew led to the formation of Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA. Within 24 h, 89.1% of the ingested amount of furan and 15.4% of the ingested amount of 2-MF were detected in the urine in the form of the investigated metabolites. Therefore, GSH-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA, Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA may be suitable as short-term-exposure biomarkers of furan and 2-MF exposure.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2023 |
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| Erschienen: |
2023 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:13 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Metabolites - 13(2023), 9 vom: 14. Sept. |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Kremer, Jonathan Isaak [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
2-methylfuran |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Revised 03.10.2023 published: Electronic Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.3390/metabo13091011 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kremer, Jonathan Isaak |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Stable Isotope Dilution Analysis (SIDA) to Determine Metabolites of Furan and 2-Methylfuran in Human Urine Samples |b A Pilot Study |
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| 520 | |a Furan and 2-methylfuran (2-MF) are food contaminants that are classified as potentially carcinogenic to humans. The main source of exposure for adults via food is coffee consumption. Furan and 2-MF are volatile, which complicates exposure assessment because their content measured in food prior to consumption does not afford a reliable dosimetry. Therefore, other ways of exposure assessment need to be developed, preferably by monitoring exposure biomarkers, e.g., selected metabolites excreted in urine. In this study, cis-2-buten-1,4-dial (BDA)-derived urinary furan metabolites Lys-BDA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid), AcLys-BDA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexanoic acid) and GSH-BDA (N-[4-carboxy-4-(3-mercapto-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-1-oxobutyl]-l-cysteinyl-glycine cyclic sulfide), as well as acetyl acrolein (AcA, 2-oxo-pent-2-enal)-derived metabolites Lys-AcA (l-2-(acetylamino)-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and AcLys-AcA (l-2-amino-6-(2,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxo-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-hexanoic acid) and their stable isotopically labeled analogs, were synthesized and characterized through NMR and MS, and a stable isotope dilution analysis (SIDA) with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was established. As a proof of concept, urinary samples of a four-day human intervention study were used. In the frame of this study, ten subjects ingested 500 mL of coffee containing 0.648 µmol furan and 1.059 µmol 2-MF. Among the furan metabolites, AcLys-BDA was the most abundant, followed by Lys-BDA and GSH-BDA. Exposure to 2-MF via the coffee brew led to the formation of Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA. Within 24 h, 89.1% of the ingested amount of furan and 15.4% of the ingested amount of 2-MF were detected in the urine in the form of the investigated metabolites. Therefore, GSH-BDA, Lys-BDA, AcLys-BDA, Lys-AcA and AcLys-AcA may be suitable as short-term-exposure biomarkers of furan and 2-MF exposure | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a 2-methylfuran | |
| 650 | 4 | |a 3-acetyl acrolein | |
| 650 | 4 | |a SIDA | |
| 650 | 4 | |a cis-2-buten-1,4-dial | |
| 650 | 4 | |a coffee | |
| 650 | 4 | |a furan | |
| 650 | 4 | |a metabolism | |
| 650 | 4 | |a toxicokinetic | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kirsch, Verena |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bohlen, Daniel |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Klier, Carina |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rotermund, Jan |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Thomas, Hannah |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lang, Lukas |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Becker, Hanna |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bakuradze, Tamara |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stegmüller, Simone |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Richling, Elke |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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