Pathogenesis and Preventive Tactics of Immune-Mediated Non-Pulmonary COVID-19 in Children and Beyond
The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved to immune escape and threatened small children and the elderly with a higher severity and fatality of non-pulmonary diseases. These life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases such as acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are more prevalent in children. However, the mortality of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is much higher than that of MIS-C although the incidence of MIS-A is lower. Clarification of immunopathogenesis and genetic susceptibility of inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases would provide an appropriate guide for the crisis management and prevention of morbidity and fatality in the ongoing pandemic. This review article described three inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases including (1) meningoencephalitis (ME), (2) acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE), and (3) post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and in adults (MIS-A). To prevent these life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases, hosts carrying susceptible genetic variants should receive prophylactic vaccines, avoid febrile respiratory tract infection, and institute immunomodulators and mitochondrial cocktails as early as possible.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2022 |
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| Erschienen: |
2022 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:23 |
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| Enthalten in: |
International journal of molecular sciences - 23(2022), 22 vom: 16. Nov. |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Chi, Hsin [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 29.11.2022 Date Revised 13.12.2022 published: Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.3390/ijms232214157 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| 520 | |a The COVID-19 pandemic has evolved to immune escape and threatened small children and the elderly with a higher severity and fatality of non-pulmonary diseases. These life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases such as acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are more prevalent in children. However, the mortality of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) is much higher than that of MIS-C although the incidence of MIS-A is lower. Clarification of immunopathogenesis and genetic susceptibility of inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases would provide an appropriate guide for the crisis management and prevention of morbidity and fatality in the ongoing pandemic. This review article described three inflammatory non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases including (1) meningoencephalitis (ME), (2) acute necrotizing encephalopathies (ANE), and (3) post-infectious multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and in adults (MIS-A). To prevent these life-threatening non-pulmonary COVID-19 diseases, hosts carrying susceptible genetic variants should receive prophylactic vaccines, avoid febrile respiratory tract infection, and institute immunomodulators and mitochondrial cocktails as early as possible | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Review | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a immunopathogenesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a meningoencephalitis (ME) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a non-pulmonary COVID-19 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Yang, Horng-Woei |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fang, Li-Chih |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lin, Chia-Hsueh |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ho, Che-Sheng |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yang, Kuender D |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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