Redistribution of garbage codes to underlying causes of death : a systematic analysis on Italy and a comparison with most populous Western European countries based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association..
BACKGROUND: The proportion of reported causes of death (CoDs) that are not underlying causes can be relevant even in high-income countries and seriously affect health planning. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study identifies these 'garbage codes' (GCs) and redistributes them to underlying causes using evidence-based algorithms. Planners relying on vital registration data will find discrepancies with GBD estimates. We analyse these discrepancies, through the analysis of GCs and their redistribution.
METHODS: We explored the case of Italy, at national and regional level, and compared it to nine other Western European countries with similar population sizes. We analysed differences between official data and GBD 2019 estimates, for the period 1990-2017 for which we had vital registration data for most select countries.
RESULTS: In Italy, in 2017, 33 000 deaths were attributed to unspecified type of stroke and 15 000 to unspecified type of diabetes, these making a fourth of the overall garbage. Significant heterogeneity exists on the overall proportion of GCs, type (unspecified or impossible underlying causes), and size of specific GCs among regions in Italy, and among the select countries. We found no pattern between level of garbage and relevance of specific GCs. Even locations performing below average show interesting lower levels for certain GCs if compared to better performing countries.
CONCLUSIONS: This systematic analysis suggests the heterogeneity in GC levels and causes, paired with a more detailed analysis of local practices, strengths and weaknesses, could be a positive element in a strategy for the reduction of GCs in Italy.
| Errataetall: |
ErratumIn: Eur J Public Health. 2022 Apr 1;32(2):331. - PMID 35289364 |
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| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2022 |
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| Erschienen: |
2022 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:32 |
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| Enthalten in: |
European journal of public health - 32(2022), 3 vom: 01. Juni, Seite 456-462 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Monasta, Lorenzo [VerfasserIn] |
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Date Completed 03.06.2022 Date Revised 26.08.2022 published: Print ErratumIn: Eur J Public Health. 2022 Apr 1;32(2):331. - PMID 35289364 Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1093/eurpub/ckab194 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM335964834 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Monasta, Lorenzo |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Redistribution of garbage codes to underlying causes of death |b a systematic analysis on Italy and a comparison with most populous Western European countries based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2022 | |
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| 500 | |a Date Completed 03.06.2022 | ||
| 500 | |a Date Revised 26.08.2022 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print | ||
| 500 | |a ErratumIn: Eur J Public Health. 2022 Apr 1;32(2):331. - PMID 35289364 | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. | ||
| 520 | |a BACKGROUND: The proportion of reported causes of death (CoDs) that are not underlying causes can be relevant even in high-income countries and seriously affect health planning. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study identifies these 'garbage codes' (GCs) and redistributes them to underlying causes using evidence-based algorithms. Planners relying on vital registration data will find discrepancies with GBD estimates. We analyse these discrepancies, through the analysis of GCs and their redistribution | ||
| 520 | |a METHODS: We explored the case of Italy, at national and regional level, and compared it to nine other Western European countries with similar population sizes. We analysed differences between official data and GBD 2019 estimates, for the period 1990-2017 for which we had vital registration data for most select countries | ||
| 520 | |a RESULTS: In Italy, in 2017, 33 000 deaths were attributed to unspecified type of stroke and 15 000 to unspecified type of diabetes, these making a fourth of the overall garbage. Significant heterogeneity exists on the overall proportion of GCs, type (unspecified or impossible underlying causes), and size of specific GCs among regions in Italy, and among the select countries. We found no pattern between level of garbage and relevance of specific GCs. Even locations performing below average show interesting lower levels for certain GCs if compared to better performing countries | ||
| 520 | |a CONCLUSIONS: This systematic analysis suggests the heterogeneity in GC levels and causes, paired with a more detailed analysis of local practices, strengths and weaknesses, could be a positive element in a strategy for the reduction of GCs in Italy | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alicandro, Gianfranco |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pasovic, Maja |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cunningham, Matthew |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Armocida, Benedetta |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a J L Murray, Christopher |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ronfani, Luca |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Naghavi, Mohsen |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a GBD 2019 Italy Causes of Death Collaborators |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Monasta, Lorenzo |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alicandro, Gianfranco |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pasovic, Maja |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cunningham, Matthew |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Armocida, Benedetta |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Albano, Luciana |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Beghi, Ettore |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Beghi, Massimiliano |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bosetti, Cristina |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Carreras, Giulia |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Castelpietra, Giulio |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Catapano, Alberico L |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Collatuzzo, Giulia |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Conti, Sara |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Damiani, Giovanni |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ferrara, Pietro |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Fornari, Carla |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gallus, Silvano |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Giampaoli, Simona |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Golinelli, Davide |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Isola, Gaetano |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lauriola, Paolo |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a La Vecchia, Carlo |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Leonardi, Matilde |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Magnani, Francesca Giulia |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Minelli, Giada |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moccia, Marcello |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pedersini, Paolo |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Perico, Norberto |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Raggi, Alberto |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Remuzzi, Giuseppe |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sanmarchi, Francesco |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sattin, Davide |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Unim, Brigid |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Villafañe, Jorge Hugo |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Violante, Francesco S |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Murray, Christopher J L |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ronfani, Luca |e investigator |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Naghavi, Mohsen |e investigator |4 oth | |
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