SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Extrapolation for COVID Diagnosis and Vaccine Development
Copyright © 2021 Malik, Kumar, Ansari, Hemida, El Zowalaty, Abdel-Moneim, Ganesh, Salajegheh, Natesan, Sircar, Safdar, Vinodhkumar, Duarte, Patel, Klein, Rahimi and Dhama..
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affecting nearly 71.2 million humans in more than 191 countries, with more than 1.6 million mortalities as of 12 December, 2020. The spike glycoprotein (S-protein), anchored onto the virus envelope, is the trimer of S-protein comprised of S1 and S2 domains which interacts with host cell receptors and facilitates virus-cell membrane fusion. The S1 domain comprises of a receptor binding domain (RBD) possessing an N-terminal domain and two subdomains (SD1 and SD2). Certain regions of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 such as S2 domain and fragment of the RBD remain conserved despite the high selection pressure. These conserved regions of the S-protein are extrapolated as the potential target for developing molecular diagnostic techniques. Further, the S-protein acts as an antigenic target for different serological assay platforms for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies can be used to detect viral proteins in ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays. The S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 has very high sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-1, and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-1 cross-react with S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and neutralize its activity. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies targeted against the RBD of S-protein of SARS-CoV-1 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 thus inhibiting its infectivity in permissive cell lines. Research on coronaviral S-proteins paves the way for the development of vaccines that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and alleviate the current global coronavirus pandemic. However, specific neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical development. Therefore, neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S-protein are promising specific antiviral therapeutics for pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hereby review the approaches taken by researchers across the world to use spike gene and S-glycoprotein for the development of effective diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics against SARA-CoV-2 infection the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2021 |
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| Erschienen: |
2021 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:8 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Frontiers in molecular biosciences - 8(2021) vom: 07., Seite 607886 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Malik, Yashpal S [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
COVID-19 |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Revised 01.11.2023 published: Electronic-eCollection Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.3389/fmolb.2021.607886 |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| 520 | |a Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affecting nearly 71.2 million humans in more than 191 countries, with more than 1.6 million mortalities as of 12 December, 2020. The spike glycoprotein (S-protein), anchored onto the virus envelope, is the trimer of S-protein comprised of S1 and S2 domains which interacts with host cell receptors and facilitates virus-cell membrane fusion. The S1 domain comprises of a receptor binding domain (RBD) possessing an N-terminal domain and two subdomains (SD1 and SD2). Certain regions of S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 such as S2 domain and fragment of the RBD remain conserved despite the high selection pressure. These conserved regions of the S-protein are extrapolated as the potential target for developing molecular diagnostic techniques. Further, the S-protein acts as an antigenic target for different serological assay platforms for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Virus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies can be used to detect viral proteins in ELISA and lateral flow immunoassays. The S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 has very high sequence similarity to SARS-CoV-1, and the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against SARS-CoV-1 cross-react with S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 and neutralize its activity. Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies targeted against the RBD of S-protein of SARS-CoV-1 can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 thus inhibiting its infectivity in permissive cell lines. Research on coronaviral S-proteins paves the way for the development of vaccines that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and alleviate the current global coronavirus pandemic. However, specific neutralizing mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 are in clinical development. Therefore, neutralizing antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 S-protein are promising specific antiviral therapeutics for pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hereby review the approaches taken by researchers across the world to use spike gene and S-glycoprotein for the development of effective diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics against SARA-CoV-2 infection the COVID-19 pandemic | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kumar, Prashant |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ansari, Mohd Ikram |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hemida, Maged G |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a El Zowalaty, Mohamed E |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ganesh, Balasubramanian |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Salajegheh, Sina |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Natesan, Senthilkumar |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sircar, Shubhankar |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Safdar, Muhammad |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Vinodhkumar, O R |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Duarte, Phelipe M |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Patel, Shailesh K |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Klein, Jörn |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rahimi, Parastoo |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dhama, Kuldeep |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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