There are 4, not 7, cardinal movements in labor
Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..
The mechanics of labor describe the forces required for fetal descent, and the movements that the fetus must perform to overcome the resistance met by the maternal bony pelvis and soft tissue. The fetus negotiates the birth canal and rotational movements are necessary for descent. Anglo-American literature lists 7 cardinal movements, namely engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion. German and older English literature lists only 4 rotational movements as the cardinal movements and excludes engagement, descent, and expulsion. We would argue that descent is the main purpose of the uterine powers and cardinal movements, a description of the rotational movements the fetal head and shoulders must perform to obtain descent. Ultrasound offers a historically unique opportunity for noninvasive, dynamic studies of the mechanics of labor. The information gathered by clinical examination and ultrasound should be integrated into clinical decision making.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2021 |
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| Erschienen: |
2021 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:3 |
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| Enthalten in: |
American journal of obstetrics & gynecology MFM - 3(2021), 6 vom: 30. Nov., Seite 100436 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Iversen, Johanne Kolvik [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
Cardinal movements |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 26.11.2021 Date Revised 26.11.2021 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100436 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM327613866 |
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| 520 | |a Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | ||
| 520 | |a The mechanics of labor describe the forces required for fetal descent, and the movements that the fetus must perform to overcome the resistance met by the maternal bony pelvis and soft tissue. The fetus negotiates the birth canal and rotational movements are necessary for descent. Anglo-American literature lists 7 cardinal movements, namely engagement, descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion. German and older English literature lists only 4 rotational movements as the cardinal movements and excludes engagement, descent, and expulsion. We would argue that descent is the main purpose of the uterine powers and cardinal movements, a description of the rotational movements the fetal head and shoulders must perform to obtain descent. Ultrasound offers a historically unique opportunity for noninvasive, dynamic studies of the mechanics of labor. The information gathered by clinical examination and ultrasound should be integrated into clinical decision making | ||
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