Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19
© 2021 The Authors. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd..
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can present with a wide spectrum of severity. Elderly patients with cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic comorbidities are more likely to develop the severe manifestations of COVID-19, which are observed in less than 5% of the pediatric patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is able to induce an immune impairment and dysregulation, finally resulting in the massive release of inflammatory mediators, strongly contributing to the pulmonary and systemic manifestations in COVID-19. In children, the immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 can also be responsible of a severe disease phenotype defined as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. As the immune system undergoes a complex process of maturation from birth to adult age, differences in the immune and inflammatory response could have a significant impact in determining the spectrum of severity of COVID-19. Indeed, children show a higher ability to respond to viral infections and a reduced baseline pro-inflammatory state compared with elderly patients. Age and comorbidities contribute to disease severity through immune-mediated mechanisms, since they are associated with a chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, and cause an enhanced susceptibility to develop an immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also the expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, varies with age, and is linked to the immune and inflammatory response through a complex, and not completely elucidated, network. This paper reviews the peculiar immunopathogenic aspects of COVID-19, with a focus on the differences between adult and pediatric patients.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
|---|
| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2021 |
|---|---|
| Erschienen: |
2021 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:9 |
|---|---|
| Enthalten in: |
Immunity, inflammation and disease - 9(2021), 2 vom: 10. Juni, Seite 331-339 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
|---|
| Beteiligte Personen: |
Costagliola, Giorgio [VerfasserIn] |
|---|
| Links: |
|---|
| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 21.05.2021 Date Revised 05.10.2022 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
|---|
| doi: |
10.1002/iid3.404 |
|---|
| funding: |
|
|---|---|
| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
|
| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM321265904 |
|---|
| LEADER | 01000naa a22002652 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | NLM321265904 | ||
| 003 | DE-627 | ||
| 005 | 20231225175434.0 | ||
| 007 | cr uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 231225s2021 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1002/iid3.404 |2 doi | |
| 028 | 5 | 2 | |a pubmed24n1070.xml |
| 035 | |a (DE-627)NLM321265904 | ||
| 035 | |a (NLM)33566457 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-627 |b ger |c DE-627 |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | |a eng | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Costagliola, Giorgio |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19 |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2021 | |
| 336 | |a Text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a ƒaComputermedien |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a ƒa Online-Ressource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Date Completed 21.05.2021 | ||
| 500 | |a Date Revised 05.10.2022 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print-Electronic | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a © 2021 The Authors. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | ||
| 520 | |a Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can present with a wide spectrum of severity. Elderly patients with cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic comorbidities are more likely to develop the severe manifestations of COVID-19, which are observed in less than 5% of the pediatric patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is able to induce an immune impairment and dysregulation, finally resulting in the massive release of inflammatory mediators, strongly contributing to the pulmonary and systemic manifestations in COVID-19. In children, the immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 can also be responsible of a severe disease phenotype defined as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. As the immune system undergoes a complex process of maturation from birth to adult age, differences in the immune and inflammatory response could have a significant impact in determining the spectrum of severity of COVID-19. Indeed, children show a higher ability to respond to viral infections and a reduced baseline pro-inflammatory state compared with elderly patients. Age and comorbidities contribute to disease severity through immune-mediated mechanisms, since they are associated with a chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, and cause an enhanced susceptibility to develop an immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also the expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, varies with age, and is linked to the immune and inflammatory response through a complex, and not completely elucidated, network. This paper reviews the peculiar immunopathogenic aspects of COVID-19, with a focus on the differences between adult and pediatric patients | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Comparative Study | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Review | |
| 650 | 4 | |a ACE2 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a children | |
| 650 | 4 | |a coronavirus | |
| 650 | 4 | |a cytokine storm | |
| 650 | 4 | |a immune dysregulation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Receptors, Virus |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a ACE2 protein, human |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a EC 3.4.17.23 |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a EC 3.4.17.23 |2 NLM | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Spada, Erika |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Consolini, Rita |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |t Immunity, inflammation and disease |d 2013 |g 9(2021), 2 vom: 10. Juni, Seite 331-339 |w (DE-627)NLM243574827 |x 2050-4527 |7 nnns |
| 773 | 1 | 8 | |g volume:9 |g year:2021 |g number:2 |g day:10 |g month:06 |g pages:331-339 |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.404 |3 Volltext |
| 912 | |a GBV_USEFLAG_A | ||
| 912 | |a GBV_NLM | ||
| 951 | |a AR | ||
| 952 | |d 9 |j 2021 |e 2 |b 10 |c 06 |h 331-339 | ||