Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years : analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in breast milk, breast milk substitutes (BMS) and other non-human milk consumption, by children under 2 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
DESIGN: We analysed the prevalence of continued breast-feeding at 1 and 2 years and frequency of formula and other non-human milk consumption by age in months. Indicators were estimated through 24-h dietary recall. Absolute and relative wealth indicators were used to describe within- and between-country socio-economic inequalities.
SETTING: Nationally representative surveys from 2010 onwards from eighty-six LMIC.
PARTICIPANTS: 394 977 children aged under 2 years.
RESULTS: Breast-feeding declined sharply as children became older in all LMIC, especially in upper-middle-income countries. BMS consumption peaked at 6 months of age in low/lower-middle-income countries and at around 12 months in upper-middle-income countries. Irrespective of country, BMS consumption was higher in children from wealthier families, and breast-feeding in children from poorer families. Multilevel linear regression analysis showed that BMS consumption was positively associated with absolute income, and breast-feeding negatively associated. Findings for other non-human milk consumption were less straightforward. Unmeasured factors at country level explained a substantial proportion of overall variability in BMS consumption and breast-feeding.
CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding falls sharply as children become older, especially in wealthier families in upper-middle-income countries; this same group also consumes more BMS at any age. Country-level factors play an important role in explaining BMS consumption by all family wealth groups, suggesting that BMS marketing at national level might be partly responsible for the observed differences.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2022 |
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| Erschienen: |
2022 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:25 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Public health nutrition - 25(2022), 3 vom: 16. März, Seite 680-688 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Neves, Paulo Ar [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Themen: |
Breast milk substitutes |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 15.04.2022 Date Revised 09.03.2023 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1017/S1368980020004061 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM316293245 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Neves, Paulo Ar |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years |b analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2022 | |
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| 500 | |a Date Completed 15.04.2022 | ||
| 500 | |a Date Revised 09.03.2023 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print-Electronic | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in breast milk, breast milk substitutes (BMS) and other non-human milk consumption, by children under 2 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) | ||
| 520 | |a DESIGN: We analysed the prevalence of continued breast-feeding at 1 and 2 years and frequency of formula and other non-human milk consumption by age in months. Indicators were estimated through 24-h dietary recall. Absolute and relative wealth indicators were used to describe within- and between-country socio-economic inequalities | ||
| 520 | |a SETTING: Nationally representative surveys from 2010 onwards from eighty-six LMIC | ||
| 520 | |a PARTICIPANTS: 394 977 children aged under 2 years | ||
| 520 | |a RESULTS: Breast-feeding declined sharply as children became older in all LMIC, especially in upper-middle-income countries. BMS consumption peaked at 6 months of age in low/lower-middle-income countries and at around 12 months in upper-middle-income countries. Irrespective of country, BMS consumption was higher in children from wealthier families, and breast-feeding in children from poorer families. Multilevel linear regression analysis showed that BMS consumption was positively associated with absolute income, and breast-feeding negatively associated. Findings for other non-human milk consumption were less straightforward. Unmeasured factors at country level explained a substantial proportion of overall variability in BMS consumption and breast-feeding | ||
| 520 | |a CONCLUSIONS: Breast-feeding falls sharply as children become older, especially in wealthier families in upper-middle-income countries; this same group also consumes more BMS at any age. Country-level factors play an important role in explaining BMS consumption by all family wealth groups, suggesting that BMS marketing at national level might be partly responsible for the observed differences | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Breast milk substitutes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Breast-feeding | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Developing countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic status | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Infant formula | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nutrition surveys | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Socio-economic factors | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Barros, Aluísio Jd |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Baker, Phillip |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Piwoz, Ellen |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Santos, Thiago M |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Vaz, Juliana S |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rollins, Nigel |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Victora, Cesar G |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 773 | 1 | 8 | |g volume:25 |g year:2022 |g number:3 |g day:16 |g month:03 |g pages:680-688 |
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