Pregnancy-associated plasma proteins and Stanniocalcin-2 - Novel players controlling IGF-I physiology
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved..
IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which renders IGF-I unable to stimulate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in vivo. This binding means that liberation of IGF-I from the IGFBPs is an important step controlling IGF-I action. In this context, IGFBP-cleaving enzymes appear to play a key role. Enzymatic cleavage of the IGFBPs markedly lowers their ligand affinity, and as a consequence, IGF-I becomes liberated and hence available for stimulation of the IGF-IR. Two of the best-characterized IGFBP-cleaving enzymes are pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its paralog PAPP-A2. The two enzymes (often referred to as pappalysins) regulate the liberation of IGF-I in a highly controlled manner. PAPP-A is believed to act predominantly in tissues, serving to liberate IGF-I at the cell surface in close proximity to the IGF-IR. In keeping with this notion, mice lacking PAPP-A exhibit reduced body size, despite having normal circulating IGF-I concentrations. In contrast, human findings indicate that altered PAPP-A2 activity changes circulating IGF-I concentrations, although PAPP-A2 is also present in high concentrations in tissues. Thus, PAPP-A2 appears to impact circulating, as well as tissue, IGF-I activity. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was recently discovered to be regulated by the protein Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). By binding to the enzymatic sites of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, STC2 inhibits their activity. To date, the majority of findings demonstrating the ability of pappalysins and STC2 to regulate IGF-I action are from preclinical studies. However, clinical studies are now beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize our data on STC2, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in humans. These results indicate that pappalysins and STC2 constitute an important IGF-I activity-regulating system that warrants further investigation.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2020 |
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| Erschienen: |
2020 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:53-54 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Growth hormone & IGF research : official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society - 53-54(2020) vom: 01. Aug., Seite 101330 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Frystyk, Jan [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Completed 12.10.2021 Date Revised 12.10.2021 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1016/j.ghir.2020.101330 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| 500 | |a Date Revised 12.10.2021 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print-Electronic | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | ||
| 520 | |a IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which renders IGF-I unable to stimulate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in vivo. This binding means that liberation of IGF-I from the IGFBPs is an important step controlling IGF-I action. In this context, IGFBP-cleaving enzymes appear to play a key role. Enzymatic cleavage of the IGFBPs markedly lowers their ligand affinity, and as a consequence, IGF-I becomes liberated and hence available for stimulation of the IGF-IR. Two of the best-characterized IGFBP-cleaving enzymes are pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and its paralog PAPP-A2. The two enzymes (often referred to as pappalysins) regulate the liberation of IGF-I in a highly controlled manner. PAPP-A is believed to act predominantly in tissues, serving to liberate IGF-I at the cell surface in close proximity to the IGF-IR. In keeping with this notion, mice lacking PAPP-A exhibit reduced body size, despite having normal circulating IGF-I concentrations. In contrast, human findings indicate that altered PAPP-A2 activity changes circulating IGF-I concentrations, although PAPP-A2 is also present in high concentrations in tissues. Thus, PAPP-A2 appears to impact circulating, as well as tissue, IGF-I activity. The enzymatic activity of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 was recently discovered to be regulated by the protein Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2). By binding to the enzymatic sites of PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, STC2 inhibits their activity. To date, the majority of findings demonstrating the ability of pappalysins and STC2 to regulate IGF-I action are from preclinical studies. However, clinical studies are now beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize our data on STC2, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 in humans. These results indicate that pappalysins and STC2 constitute an important IGF-I activity-regulating system that warrants further investigation | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Review | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Extravascular concentrations. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Insulin-like growth factor I | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pregnancy associated plasma protein A and A2. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Stanniocalcin-2. | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Glycoproteins |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a STC2 protein, human |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Stc2 protein, mouse |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Insulin-Like Growth Factor I |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a 67763-96-6 |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A |2 NLM | |
| 650 | 7 | |a EC 3.4.24.- |2 NLM | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Teran, Enrique |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gude, Mette Faurholdt |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bjerre, Mette |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hjortebjerg, Rikke |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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