A Fragrant Environment Containing α-Pinene Suppresses Tumor Growth in Mice by Modulating the Hypothalamus/Sympathetic Nerve/Leptin Axis and Immune System
The environment is thought to affect outcomes in patients with cancer; however, this relationship has not been proven directly. Recently, an enriched environment, as a model of a positive environment, has been shown to suppress tumor growth by lowering leptin production through a pathway involving the hypothalamus/sympathetic nerve/leptin axis. We previously reported that a fragrant environment (FE) containing α-pinene suppressed tumor growth in mice; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated changes in the neuroendocrine and immune systems following exposure to an FE. Mice were exposed to α-pinene (5 h/day) for 4 weeks prior to tumor implantation with murine melanoma cells and 3 weeks after transplantation. In addition to the evaluation of tumor growth, the blood, spleen, and hypothalamus were collected 3 weeks after transplantation, and neuroendocrinological and immunological parameters were measured. Tumor size was ~40% smaller in mice exposed to FE. Moreover, plasma noradrenaline concentrations, which reflected sympathetic nervous activity, tended to increase, and leptin levels were significantly decreased in FE-exposed mice. Levels of stress hormones, such as plasma corticosterone and adrenaline, did not change in the 2 groups. In the hypothalamus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels and glucose-1-phosphate concentrations were decreased in the FE group. Additionally, numbers of B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and natural killer cells increased in the FE-exposed mice. These neurohormonal and immunological changes in the FE-exposed mice suggested that the FE may activate the hypothalamus/sympathetic nerve/leptin axis and immune system, thereby retarding tumor growth..
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2019 |
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| Erschienen: |
2019 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:18 |
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| Enthalten in: |
Integrative Cancer Therapies - 18(2019) |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Masatoshi Kusuhara MD [VerfasserIn] |
|---|
| Links: |
doi.org [kostenfrei] |
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| Themen: |
Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens |
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| doi: |
10.1177/1534735419845139 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
DOAJ001632787 |
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| 520 | |a The environment is thought to affect outcomes in patients with cancer; however, this relationship has not been proven directly. Recently, an enriched environment, as a model of a positive environment, has been shown to suppress tumor growth by lowering leptin production through a pathway involving the hypothalamus/sympathetic nerve/leptin axis. We previously reported that a fragrant environment (FE) containing α-pinene suppressed tumor growth in mice; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Accordingly, in this study, we investigated changes in the neuroendocrine and immune systems following exposure to an FE. Mice were exposed to α-pinene (5 h/day) for 4 weeks prior to tumor implantation with murine melanoma cells and 3 weeks after transplantation. In addition to the evaluation of tumor growth, the blood, spleen, and hypothalamus were collected 3 weeks after transplantation, and neuroendocrinological and immunological parameters were measured. Tumor size was ~40% smaller in mice exposed to FE. Moreover, plasma noradrenaline concentrations, which reflected sympathetic nervous activity, tended to increase, and leptin levels were significantly decreased in FE-exposed mice. Levels of stress hormones, such as plasma corticosterone and adrenaline, did not change in the 2 groups. In the hypothalamus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels and glucose-1-phosphate concentrations were decreased in the FE group. Additionally, numbers of B cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, and natural killer cells increased in the FE-exposed mice. These neurohormonal and immunological changes in the FE-exposed mice suggested that the FE may activate the hypothalamus/sympathetic nerve/leptin axis and immune system, thereby retarding tumor growth. | ||
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| 700 | 0 | |a Yoko Masuda |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Kazutoshi Sakurai PhD |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Eiko Tamai |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 0 | |a Kenichi Urakami PhD |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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