Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19 : Trying to untangle facts from fictions
© 2020 The Authors..
INTRODUCTION: In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy.
METHODS: Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc).
RESULTS: For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence.
CONCLUSION: Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.
| Medienart: |
E-Artikel |
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| Erscheinungsjahr: |
2020 |
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| Erschienen: |
2020 |
| Enthalten in: |
Zur Gesamtaufnahme - volume:13 |
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| Enthalten in: |
The World Allergy Organization journal - 13(2020), 11 vom: 08. Nov., Seite 100476 |
| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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| Beteiligte Personen: |
Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée [VerfasserIn] |
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| Links: |
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| Anmerkungen: |
Date Revised 18.04.2022 published: Print-Electronic Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE |
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| doi: |
10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 |
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| funding: |
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| Förderinstitution / Projekttitel: |
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| PPN (Katalog-ID): |
NLM316416630 |
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| 041 | |a eng | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19 |b Trying to untangle facts from fictions |
| 264 | 1 | |c 2020 | |
| 336 | |a Text |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |a ƒaComputermedien |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |a ƒa Online-Ressource |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Date Revised 18.04.2022 | ||
| 500 | |a published: Print-Electronic | ||
| 500 | |a Citation Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE | ||
| 520 | |a © 2020 The Authors. | ||
| 520 | |a INTRODUCTION: In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy | ||
| 520 | |a METHODS: Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions into: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 h sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod), and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, etc) | ||
| 520 | |a RESULTS: For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections, and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end, a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence | ||
| 520 | |a CONCLUSION: Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Journal Article | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Review | |
| 650 | 4 | |a ACE2, Angiotensin converting enzime-2 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a APC, Antigen-presenting cell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a BV, Bacterial vaccine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Bacillus calmette-guérin | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Bacterial vaccine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a CCL-5, Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a CI, Confidence interval | |
| 650 | 4 | |a CNS, Central nervous system | |
| 650 | 4 | |a COVID-19 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a COVID-19, Coronavirus disease-2019 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a CXCR3A, CXC chemokine receptor 3A | |
| 650 | 4 | |a DAMPs, Damage-associated molecular patterns | |
| 650 | 4 | |a DC, Dendritic cell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a DLE, Dialyzable leukocyte extract | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Exercise | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gαs: G protein coupled receptor alfa-subunits, HSP | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Heat shock proteins, HLA-DR | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immune response | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunoglobulin, IGFBP6 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Innate | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Insulin-like growth-factor-binding-protein 6, IL | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intercellular adhesion molecule type 1, IFN | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Interferon, IG | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Interleukin, MBSR | |
| 650 | 4 | |a MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a MMR | |
| 650 | 4 | |a MODS, Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Major histocompatibility complex class II cell surface receptor, ICAM-1 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mindfulness | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mCa++: Intramitochondrial calcium | |
| 650 | 4 | |a MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappaB | |
| 650 | 4 | |a NK, Natural killer | |
| 650 | 4 | |a NK-Cell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a NOD2, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a OR, Odds ratio | |
| 650 | 4 | |a OxPhos: Oxidative phosphorylation, PAMPs | |
| 650 | 4 | |a PKC, Protein kinase C | |
| 650 | 4 | |a PPD, Purified protein derivative (tuberculin) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acid | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PBMC | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway | |
| 650 | 4 | |a R0: Basic reproduction number, REM | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rapid eye movement, RIPK2 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reactive nitrogen species, ROS | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reactive oxygen species, SARS-CoV-2 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Receptor iteracting serine/threonine kinase 2, RNA | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ribonucleic acid, RNS | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SIRS | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sleep | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, TCR:T-cell receptor | |
| 650 | 4 | |a TLR, Toll-like receptor | |
| 650 | 4 | |a TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha | |
| 650 | 4 | |a TRPV, Thermolabile calcium channels | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Th, T helper-cell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Trained immunity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a URTI, Upper-respiratory tract infection | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rodríguez-Pérez, Noel |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Arias-Cruz, Alfredo |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Blandón-Vijil, María Virginia |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Del Río-Navarro, Blanca E |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Estrada-Cardona, Alan |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gereda, José E |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Luna-Pech, Jorge A |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Navarrete-Rodríguez, Elsy Maureen |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Onuma-Takane, Ernesto |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pozo-Beltrán, César Fireth |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rojo-Gutiérrez, María Isabel |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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